The power for organizations to rapidly analyze information throughout a number of sources is essential for sustaining a aggressive benefit. Think about a situation the place the retail analytics group is making an attempt to reply a easy query: Amongst prospects who bought summer season jackets final season, which prospects are more likely to have an interest within the new spring assortment?
Whereas the query is simple, getting the reply requires piecing collectively information throughout a number of information sources comparable to buyer profiles saved in Amazon Easy Storage Service (Amazon S3) from buyer relationship administration (CRM) methods, historic buy transactions in an Amazon Redshift information warehouse, and present product catalog data in Amazon DynamoDB. Historically, answering this query would contain a number of information exports, advanced extract, remodel, and cargo (ETL) processes, and cautious information synchronization throughout methods.
On this weblog submit, we’ll reveal how enterprise models can use Amazon SageMaker Unified Studio to find, subscribe to, and analyze these distributed information property. By means of this unified question functionality, you possibly can create complete insights into buyer transaction patterns and buy habits for lively merchandise with out the standard obstacles of information silos or the necessity to copy information between methods.
SageMaker Unified Studio offers a unified expertise for utilizing information, analytics, and AI capabilities. You need to use acquainted AWS companies for mannequin growth, generative AI, information processing, and analytics—all inside a single, ruled surroundings. To strike a positive steadiness of democratizing information and AI entry whereas sustaining strict compliance and regulatory requirements, Amazon SageMaker Knowledge and AI Governance is constructed into SageMaker Unified Studio. With Amazon SageMaker Catalog, groups can collaborate by way of tasks, uncover, and entry permitted information and fashions utilizing semantic search with generative AI-created metadata, or you should use pure language to ask Amazon Q to seek out your information. Inside SageMaker Unified Studio, organizations can implement a single, centralized permission mannequin with fine-grained entry controls, facilitating seamless information and AI asset sharing by way of streamlined publishing and subscription workflows. Groups may question the info instantly from sources comparable to Amazon S3 and Amazon Redshift, by way of Amazon SageMaker Lakehouse.
SageMaker Lakehouse streamlines connecting to, cataloging, and managing permissions on information from a number of sources. Constructed on AWS Glue Knowledge Catalog and AWS Lake Formation, it organizes information by way of catalogs that may be accessed by way of an open, Apache Iceberg REST API to assist guarantee safe entry to information with constant, fine-grained entry controls. SageMaker Lakehouse organizes information entry by way of two forms of catalogs: federated catalogs and managed catalogs (proven within the following determine). A catalog is a logical container that organizes objects from an information retailer, comparable to schemas, tables, views, or materialized views comparable to from Amazon Redshift. You may also create nested catalogs to reflect the hierarchical construction of your information sources inside SageMaker Lakehouse.
- Federated catalogs: By means of SageMaker Unified Studio, you possibly can create connections to exterior information sources comparable to Amazon DynamoDB. See Knowledge connections in Amazon SageMaker Lakehouse for all of the supported exterior information sources. These connections are saved within the AWS Glue Knowledge Catalog (Knowledge Catalog) and registered with Lake Formation, permitting you to create a federated catalog for every out there information supply.
- Managed catalogs: A managed catalog refers back to the information that resides on Amazon S3 or Redshift Managed Storage (RMS).
The prevailing Knowledge Catalog turns into the Default catalog
(recognized by the AWS account quantity) and is available in SageMaker Lakehouse.
If the enterprise models don’t have an information warehouse however want the advantages of 1—comparable to a question outcome cache and question rewrite optimizations—then, they will create an RMS managed catalog in SageMaker Unified Studio. It is a SageMaker Lakehouse managed catalog backed by RMS storage. The desk metadata is managed by Knowledge Catalog. If you create an RMS managed catalog, it deploys an Amazon Redshift managed serverless workgroup. Customers can write information to managed RMS tables utilizing Iceberg APIs, Amazon Redshift, or Zero-ETL ingestion from supported information sources.
Useful working mannequin
In SageMaker Unified Studio, the infrastructure group will allow the blueprints and configure the undertaking profiles for instruments and applied sciences to the respective enterprise models to construct and monitor their pipelines. They may even onboard the groups to SageMaker Unified Studio, enabling them to construct the info merchandise in a single built-in, ruled surroundings. To implement standardization throughout the group, the central governance group may create hierarchical representations of enterprise models by way of area models and dictate sure actions that these groups can carry out underneath a website unit. International insurance policies comparable to information dictionaries (enterprise glossaries), information classification tags, and extra data with metadata varieties will be created by the governance group to make sure standardization and consistency throughout the group.
Particular person enterprise models will use these undertaking profiles based mostly on their must course of the info utilizing the approved instrument of their selection and create information merchandise. Enterprise models can benefit from the full flexibility to course of and eat the info with out worrying in regards to the upkeep of the underlying infrastructure. Relying on the character of the workloads, enterprise models can select a storage answer that most closely fits their use case. You need to use SageMaker Lakehouse to unify the info throughout completely different information sources.
To share the info exterior the enterprise unit, the groups will publish the metadata of their information to a SageMaker catalog and make it discoverable and accessible to different enterprise models. Amazon SageMaker Catalog serves as a central repository hub to retailer each technical and enterprise catalog data of the info product. To ascertain belief between the info producers and information customers, SageMaker Catalog additionally integrates the information high quality metrics and information lineage occasions to trace and drive transparency in information pipelines. Whereas sharing the info, information producers of those enterprise models can apply positive grained entry management permissions at row and column degree to those property throughout subscription approval workflows. SageMaker Unified Studio routinely grants subscription entry to the subscribed information property after the subscription request is permitted by the info producer. As proven within the following determine, the info sharing functionality highlights that the info stays at its origin with the info producer, whereas customers from different enterprise models can eat and analyze it utilizing their very own compute sources. This strategy eliminates any information duplication or information motion.
Resolution overview
On this submit, we discover two eventualities for sharing information between completely different groups (retail, advertising, and information analysts). The answer on this submit provides you the implementation for a single account use case.
State of affairs 1
The retail group must create a complete view of buyer habits to optimize their spring assortment launch. Their information panorama is numerous:
- Buyer profiles saved in Amazon S3 (default Knowledge Catalog)
- Historic buy transactions saved in RMS (SageMaker Lakehouse managed RMS catalog)
- Stock data of the product in DynamoDB. (federated catalog)
The group must share this unified view with their regional information analysts whereas sustaining strict information governance protocols. Knowledge analysts uncover the info and subscribe to the info. We may even stroll by way of the publishing and subscription workflow as a part of the info sharing course of. To get a unified view of the client gross sales transactions for lively merchandise, the info analysts will use Amazon Athena.
Listed below are the excessive degree steps of the answer implementation as proven within the previous diagram:
- On this submit, we take an instance of two groups who take part within the collaboration. The retail group has created a undertaking
retailsales-sql-project
and the info analysts group has created a undertakingdataanalyst-sql-project
inside SageMaker Unified Studio. - The retail group creates and shops their information in varied sources:
buyer
information in Amazon S3 (incorporates buyer information)stock
information in a DynamoDB desk (incorporates product catalog data)store_sales_lakehouse
in SageMaker Lakehouse managed RMS (incorporates buy historical past)
- The retail group publishes the property to the undertaking catalog to make them discoverable to different area members throughout the group.
- The info analysts group discovers the info and subscribes to the info property.
- An incoming request is shipped to the retail group, who then approves the subscription request. After the subscription is permitted, information analysts use Athena to create a unified question from all of the subscribed information property to get insights into the info.
On this situation, we’ll evaluation how SageMaker Catalog manages the subscription grants to Knowledge Catalog property (each federated and managed).
For this situation, we assume that the retail group doesn’t have their very own information warehouse and so they wish to create and handle Amazon Redshift tables utilizing Knowledge Catalog.
State of affairs 2
The advertising group wants entry to transaction information for marketing campaign optimization. They’ve marketing campaign efficiency information saved in an Amazon Redshift information warehouse. Nonetheless, to have improved marketing campaign ROI and higher useful resource allocation, they want information from the retail group to know precise buyer buy habits. To enhance the marketing campaign ROI, they want solutions to essential questions comparable to:
- What’s the true conversion charge throughout completely different buyer segments?
- Which prospects ought to be focused for upcoming promotions?
- How do seasonal shopping for patterns have an effect on marketing campaign success?
Right here the retail group shares the acquisition historical past information store_sales
to the advertising group. On this situation, proven within the previous determine, we assume that the retail group has their very own information warehouse and makes use of Amazon Redshift to retailer the acquisition historical past information.
The excessive degree steps of the answer implementation for this situation are:
- The advertising group has created the undertaking
marketing-sql-project
inside SageMaker Unified Studio. - The retail group has
store_sales
in Amazon Redshift information warehouse (incorporates buy historical past) - The retail group has printed the property to the undertaking catalog
- The advertising group discovers the info and subscribes to the info property.
- An incoming request is shipped to the retail group, who then approves the subscription request. After the subscription is permitted, the advertising group makes use of Amazon Redshift to eat the acquisition historical past and determine high-value buyer segments.
On this situation, we’ll evaluation the method of how SageMaker Catalog grants entry to managed Amazon Redshift property.
Conditions
To comply with the step-by-step information, it’s essential to full the next conditions:
Word that the default SQL analytics undertaking profile offers you with a RedshiftServerless
blueprint. Nonetheless, on this submit, we wish to showcase the info sharing capabilities of various kinds of SageMaker Lakehouse catalogs (managed and federated).
For the simplicity, we selected the SQL analytics undertaking profile. Nonetheless, you too can check this through the use of the Customized undertaking profile by deciding on particular blueprints comparable to LakehouseCatalog
and LakeHouseDatabase
for eventualities the place the enterprise unit doesn’t have their very own information warehouse.
Resolution walkthrough (State of affairs 1)
Step one focuses on making ready the info for every information supply for unified entry.
Knowledge preparation
On this part, you’ll create the next information units:
buyer
information in Amazon S3 (default Knowledge Catalog)stock
information in a DynamoDB desk (federated catalog)store_sales_lakehouse
in SageMaker Lakehouse managed RMS (managed catalog)
- Check in to SageMaker Unified Studio as a member of the retail group and choose the undertaking
retailsales-sql-project
. - On the highest menu, select Construct, and underneath DATA ANALYSIS & INTEGRATION, choose Question Editor.
- Choose the next choices:
- Below CONNECTIONS, choose
Athena (Lakehouse)
. - Below CATALOGS, choose
AwsDataCatalog
. - Below DATABASES, choose
glue_db_<environmentid>
or the client glue database title you offered throughout undertaking creation. - After the choices are chosen, select Select.
- Below CONNECTIONS, choose
When customers choose a undertaking profile inside SageMaker Unified Studio, the system routinely triggers the related AWS CloudFormation stack (DataZone-Env-<environmentid>
) and deploys the mandatory infrastructure sources within the type of environments. Environments are the precise information infrastructure behind a undertaking.
- Run the next SQL:
- After the SQL is executed, you will see that the
buyer
desk has been created within the Lakehouse part underneath Lakehouse/AwsDataCatalog/glue_db_<environmentid>
.
- The product catalog is saved in DynamoDB. You possibly can create a brand new desk named
stock
in DynamoDB with partition keyprod_id
by way of AWS CloudShell with the next command:
- Populate the DynamoDB desk utilizing the next instructions:
- To make use of the DynamoDB desk in SageMaker Unified Studio, that you must configure a resource-based coverage that permits the suitable actions for the undertaking position.
- To create the resource-based coverage, navigate to the DynamoDB console and select Tables from the navigation pane.
- Choose the Permissions desk and select Create desk coverage.
- The next is an instance coverage that permits connecting to DynamoDB tables as a federated supply. Change the
<aws_region>
with the Area you might be engaged on,<aws_account_id>
with the AWS Account ID the place DynamoDB is deployed,<dynamodb_table>
with the DynamoDB desk (on this casestock
) that you simply intend to question from Amazon SageMaker Unified Studio and<datazone_usr_role_xxxxxxxxxxxxxx_yyyyyyyyyyyyyy>
with the Venture position Amazon Useful resource Identify (ARN) in SageMaker Unified Studio portal. You may get the undertaking position ARN by navigating to the undertaking in SageMaker Unified Studio after which to Venture overview.
After the insurance policies are integrated on the DynamoDB desk, create an SageMaker Lakehouse connection inside SageMaker Unified Studio. As proven within the instance, dynamodb-connection-catalogs
is created.
- After the connection is efficiently established, you will note the DynamoDB desk
stock
underneath Lakehouse.
The following step is to create a managed catalog for RMS objects utilizing SageMaker Lakehouse.
- Select Knowledge within the navigation pane.
- Within the information explorer, select the plus icon so as to add an information supply.
- Choose Create Lakehouse catalog.
- Select Subsequent.
- Enter the title of the catalog. The catalog title offered within the instance is
redshift-lakehouse-connection-catalogs
. Select Add information.
- After the connection is created, you will note the catalog underneath Lakehouse.
- This creates a managed Amazon Redshift Serverless workgroup in your AWS account. You will note a brand new database
dev@<redshift-catalog-name>
within the managed Amazon Redshift Serverless workgroup.- On the highest menu, select Construct, and underneath DATA ANALYSIS & INTEGRATION, choose Question Editor.
- Choose Redshift (Lakehouse) from CONNECTIONS,
dev@<redshift-catalog-name>
from DATABASES and public from SCHEMAS
- Run the next SQL so as. The SQL creates the
store_sales_lakehouse
desk within thedev
database within thepublic
schema. The retail group inserts information into thestore_sales_lakehouse
desk.
- On profitable creation of the desk, you must now have the ability to question the info. Choose the desk
store_sales_lakehouse
and choose Question with Redshift.
Import property to the undertaking catalog from varied information sources
To share your property exterior your individual undertaking to different enterprise models, it’s essential to first deliver your metadata to SageMaker Catalog. To import the property into the undertaking’s stock, that you must create an information supply within the undertaking catalog. On this part, we present you tips on how to import the technical metadata from AWS Glue information catalogs. Right here, you’ll import information property from varied sources that you’ve got created as a part of your information preparation.
- Check in to SageMaker Unified Studio as a member of the retail group. Choose the undertaking
retailsales-sql-project
, underneath Venture catalog. Select Knowledge sources and import the property by selecting Run.
- To import the federated catalog, create a brand new information supply and select Run. This can import the metadata of the stock information from DynamoDB desk.
- After profitable run of all the info sources, select Property underneath Venture catalog within the navigation aircraft. You can find all of the property within the Stock of Venture catalog.
Publish the property
To make the property discoverable to the info analysts group, the retail group should publish their property.
- Within the undertaking
retailsales-sql-project
, select Venture catalog and choose Property. - Choose every asset within the INVENTORY tab, enrich the asset with the automated metadata era and PUBLISH ASSET.
Uncover the property
SageMaker Catalog inside SageMaker Unified Studio permits environment friendly information asset discovery and entry administration. The info analysts group indicators in to SageMaker Unified Studio and selects the undertaking dataanalyst-sql-project
. The info analysts group then locates the specified property in SageMaker Catalog and initiates the subscription request.
On this part, members of dataanalyst-sql-project
browse the catalog and discover the property. There are a number of methods to seek out the specified property.
- Check in to SageMaker Unified Studio as a member of the info analysts group. Select Uncover within the high navigation bar and choose Catalog. Discover the specified asset by searching or coming into the title of the asset into the search bar.
- Seek for the asset by way of a conversational interface utilizing Amazon Q.
- Use the faceted filter search by deciding on the specified undertaking within the BROWSE CATALOG.
The info analysts group selects the undertaking retailsales-sql-project
.
Subscribe to the property
The info analysts group submits a subscription request with an applicable justification for every of those property.
- For every asset, select SUBSCRIBE.
- Choose
dataanalyst-sql-project
in Venture. - Present the Cause for request as “want this information for evaluation”.
Word that throughout the subscription course of, the requester sees a message that the asset entry management and success shall be Managed. Because of this SageMaker Unified Studio routinely manages subscription entry grants and permissions for these property.
Subscription approval workflow
To approve the subscription request, you should be a member of the retail group and choose the undertaking that has printed the asset.
- Check in to SageMaker Unified Studio as a member of the retail group and choose the undertaking
retailsales-sql-project
. - Within the navigation pane, select Venture catalog after which choose Subscription requests.
- In INCOMING REQUESTS, select the REQUESTED tab and choose View request for every asset to see detailed data of the subscription request.
- REQUEST DETAILS offers details about the subscribing undertaking, the requestor, and the justification to entry the asset.
- RESPONSE DETAILS offers an choice to approve the subscription with full entry to the info (Full entry) or restricted entry to the info (Approve with row or column filters). With restricted entry to information, the subscription approval workflow course of affords granular entry management for delicate information by way of row-level filtering and column-level filtering. Utilizing row filters, approvers can limit entry to particular data based mostly on outlined standards. Utilizing column filters, approvers can management entry to particular columns throughout the information units. This permits excluding delicate fields whereas sharing the related information. Approvers can implement these filters throughout the approval course of, serving to to make sure that the info entry aligns with the group’s safety necessities and compliance insurance policies. For this submit, choose Full entry within the RESPONSE DETAILS
- (Non-compulsory) Resolution remark is the place you possibly can add a remark about accepting or rejecting the subscription request.
- Select APPROVE.
- Repeat the subscription approval workflow course of for all of the requested property.
- After all of the subscription requests are permitted, select the APPROVED tab to view all of the permitted property.
Subscription success strategies
After subscription approval, a success course of manages entry to the property. SageMaker Unified Studio offers success strategies for managed property and unmanaged property.
- Managed property: SageMaker Unified Studio routinely manages the success and permissions for property comparable to AWS Glue tables and Amazon Redshift tables and views.
- Unmanaged property: For unmanaged property, permissions are dealt with externally. SageMaker Unified Studio publishes customary occasions for actions comparable to approvals by way of Amazon EventBridge, enabling integration with different AWS companies or third-party options for customized integrations.
On this situation 1, as a result of the property are Knowledge Catalogs, SageMaker Unified Studio grants and manages entry to those managed property in your behalf by way of Lake Formation. See the SageMaker Unified Studio subscription workflow for updates on sharing choices.
Analyze the info
The info analysts group makes use of the subscribed information property from various sources to get unified insights.
- As an information analyst, register to SageMaker Unified Studio and choose the undertaking
dataanalyst-sql-project
. Within the navigation pane, select Venture catalog and choose Property. - Select the SUBSCRIBED tab to seek out all of the subscribed property from the
retailsales-sql-project
. - The standing underneath every asset is
Asset accessible
. This means that the subscription grants are fulfilled and the info analysts group can now eat the property with the compute of their selection.
Question utilizing Athena (subscription grants fulfilled utilizing Lake Formation)
As a member of the info analysts group, create a unified view to get buy historical past with buyer data for lively merchandise.
- Within the
dataanalyst-sql-project
undertaking, go to Construct and choose Question Editor. - Use the next pattern question to get the required data. Change
glue_db_<environmentid>
along with your subscribed glue database.
Resolution walk-through (State of affairs 2)
On this situation, we assume that the retail group shops the acquisition historical past information of their Amazon Redshift information warehouse. Since you’re utilizing the default SQL analytics undertaking profile to create the undertaking, you’ll use a Redshift Serverless compute (undertaking.redshift
). The acquisition historical past information is shared with the advertising group for enhanced marketing campaign efficiency.
- Check in to SageMaker Unified Studio as a member of the retail group and choose the undertaking
retailsales-sql-project
. - On the highest menu, select Construct, and underneath DATA ANALYSIS & INTEGRATION, choose Question Editor
- Choose the next choices:
- Below CONNECTIONS, choose
Redshift(Lakehouse)
. - Below CATALOGS, choose
dev
. - Below DATABASES, choose
public
.
- Below CONNECTIONS, choose
- Run the next SQL:
5. On profitable execution of the question, you will note store_sales underneath Redshift within the navigation pane.
Import the asset to the undertaking catalog stock
To share your property exterior your individual undertaking to different advertising enterprise models, it’s essential to first share your metadata to SageMaker Catalog. To import the property into the undertaking’s stock, that you must run the info supply within the undertaking catalog.
Within the undertaking retailsales-sql-project
, underneath Venture catalog, choose Knowledge sources and import the asset store-sales
. Choose the highlighted information supply and select Run as proven within the screenshot.
Publish the asset
To make the property discoverable to the advertising group, the retail group should publish their asset.
- Go to the navigation pane and select Venture catalog, after which choose Property.
- Choose
store-sales
within the INVENTORY tab, enrich the asset with the automated metadata era and PUBLISH ASSET as illustrated within the screenshot.
Uncover and subscribe the asset
The advertising group discovers and subscribes to the store-sales
asset.
- Check in to SageMaker Unified Studio as a member of the advertising group and choose
marketing-sql-project
. - Navigate to the Uncover menu within the high navigation bar and select Catalog. Discover the specified asset by searching or coming into the title of the asset into the search bar.
- Choose the asset and select SUBSCRIBE.
- Enter a justification in Cause for request and select REQUEST.
Subscription approval workflow
The retail group will get an incoming request of their undertaking to approve the subscription request.
- Check in to the SageMaker Unified Studio and choose the undertaking
retailsales-sql-project
as a member of the retail group. Below Venture catalog, choose Subscription requests. - Within the INCOMING REQUESTS, underneath the REQUESTED tab, choose View request for
store-sales
.
- You will note detailed data for the subscription request.
- Choose Full entry within the RESPONSE DETAILS and select APPROVE.
Analyze the info
Check in to SageMaker Unified Studio as a member of the advertising group and choose marketing-sql-project
.
- Within the Venture catalog, choose Property and select the SUBSCRIBED tab to seek out all of the subscribed property from the
retailsales-sql-project
. - Discover the standing underneath the asset marked as
Asset accessible
. This means that the subscription grants are fulfilled and the advertising group can now eat the asset with the compute of their selection.
Question utilizing Amazon Redshift (subscription grants fulfilled utilizing native Amazon Redshift information sharing)
To question the shared information with Amazon Redshift compute, choose Construct after which Question Editor. Choose the next choices
- Below CONNECTIONS, choose
Redshift(Lakehouse)
. - Below CATALOGS, choose
dev
. - Below DATABASES, choose
undertaking
.
When a subscription to an Amazon Redshift desk or view is permitted, SageMaker Unified Studio routinely provides the subscribed asset to the patron’s Amazon Redshift Serverless workgroup for the undertaking. Discover the subscribed asset is shared underneath the folder undertaking
. Within the Redshift navigation pane, you too can see the datashare created between the supply and the goal cluster. On this case, as a result of the info is shared in the identical account however between completely different clusters, SageMaker Unified Studio creates a view within the goal database and permissions are granted on the view. See Grant entry to managed Amazon Redshift property in Amazon SageMaker Unified Studio for details about information sharing choices inside Amazon Redshift.
Clear up
Be sure you take away the SageMaker Unified Studio sources to keep away from any surprising prices. Begin by deleting the connections, catalogs, underlying information sources, tasks, databases, and area that you simply created for this submit. For extra particulars, see the Amazon SageMaker Unified Studio Administrator Information.
Conclusion
On this submit, we explored two distinct approaches to information sharing and analytics.
Enterprise models with out an current information warehouse can use a SageMaker Lakehouse managed RMS catalog. Within the first situation, we showcased subscription success of AWS Glue Knowledge Catalogs utilizing AWS Lake Formation for federated and managed catalogs. The info analysts group was in a position to join and subscribe to the info shared by the retail group that resided in Amazon S3, Amazon Redshift, and different information sources comparable to DynamoDB by way of SageMaker Lakehouse.
Within the second situation, we demonstrated the native data-sharing capabilities of Amazon Redshift. On this situation, we assume that the retail group has gross sales transactions saved in an Amazon Redshift information warehouse. Utilizing the info sharing function of Amazon Redshift, the asset was shared to the advertising group utilizing Amazon SageMaker Unified Studio.
Each approaches allow unified querying throughout various information sources with groups in a position to effectively uncover, publish, and subscribe to information property whereas sustaining strict entry controls by way of Amazon SageMaker Knowledge and AI Governance. Subscription success is automated, decreasing the executive overhead. Utilizing the query-in-place strategy eliminates information redundancy and maintains information consistency whereas permitting unified evaluation throughout information sources by way of a single built-in expertise.
To be taught extra, see the Amazon SageMaker Unified Studio Administrator Information and the next sources:
Concerning the authors
Lakshmi Nair is a Senior Analytics Specialist Options Architect at AWS. She focuses on designing superior analytics methods throughout industries. She focuses on crafting cloud-based information platforms, enabling real-time streaming, massive information processing, and strong information governance. She will be reached by way of LinkedIn
Ramkumar Nottath is a Principal Options Architect at AWS specializing in Analytics companies. He enjoys working with varied prospects to assist them construct scalable, dependable massive information and analytics options. His pursuits prolong to numerous applied sciences comparable to analytics, information warehousing, streaming, information governance, and machine studying. He loves spending time together with his household and associates.