A Full Information to Seaborn

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# Introduction

 
Seaborn is a statistical visualization library for Python that sits on high of Matplotlib. It provides you clear defaults, tight integration with Pandas DataFrames, and high-level capabilities that cut back boilerplate. Should you already know Matplotlib and need quicker, extra informative plots, this information is for you.

The main focus right here is intermediate to superior utilization. You’ll work with relational, categorical, distribution, and regression plots, then transfer into grid layouts and matrix visuals that reply actual analytical questions. Count on brief code blocks, exact explanations, and sensible parameter selections that have an effect on readability and accuracy.

What this information covers:

• Arrange themes and palettes you possibly can reuse throughout initiatives
• Plots that matter for evaluation: scatterplot, lineplot, boxplot, violinplot, histplot, kdeplot, regplot, lmplot
• Excessive-dimensional layouts with FacetGrid, PairGrid, relplot, and catplot
• Correlation and heatmaps with right coloration scales, masking, and annotation
• Exact management by Matplotlib hooks for titles, ticks, legends, and annotations
• Efficiency ideas for big datasets and fixes for widespread pitfalls

You’ll study when to make use of confidence intervals, methods to handle legends in crowded visuals, methods to maintain class colours constant, and when to modify again to Matplotlib for superb management. The objective is obvious, correct plots that talk findings with out additional work.

# Setup and Styling Baseline

 
This part units a constant visible baseline so each plot within the article appears skilled and export-ready. We are going to set up, import, set a world theme, select sensible palettes, and lock in determine sizing and DPI for clear outputs.

// Set up and import

Use a clear setting and set up Seaborn and Matplotlib.

pip set up seaborn matplotlib

Customary imports:

import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

Two fast checks that assist keep away from surprises:

// Mission-wide theme in a single line

Set a default model as soon as, then concentrate on the evaluation as a substitute of fixed styling tweaks.

sns.set_theme(
    context="discuss",      # textual content measurement scaling: paper, pocket book, discuss, poster
    model="whitegrid",   # clear background with mild grid
    palette="deep"       # readable, colorblind conscious categorical palette
)

Why this issues:

• context="discuss" provides readable axis labels and titles for slides and reviews
• model="whitegrid" improves worth studying for line and bar plots with out heavy visible noise
• palette="deep" offers distinct class colours that maintain up when printed or projected

You may override any of those per plot, however setting them globally retains the look uniform.

// Palettes you’ll truly use

Select palettes that talk the info sort. Use discrete palettes for classes and colormaps for steady values.

1. Viridis for steady scales

# Discrete colours for classes
cats = sns.color_palette("viridis", n_colors=5)

# Steady colormap for heatmaps and densities
viridis_cmap = sns.color_palette("viridis", as_cmap=True)

• Viridis preserves element throughout mild and darkish backgrounds and is perceptually uniform
• Use n_colors= for discrete classes. Use as_cmap=True when mapping a numeric vary

2. Cubehelix for ordered classes or low-ink plots

# Mild-to-dark sequence that prints effectively
dice = sns.cubehelix_palette(
    begin=0.5,    # hue begin
    rot=-0.75,    # hue rotation
    gamma=1.0,    # depth curve
    mild=0.95,
    darkish=0.15,
    n_colors=6
)

Cubehelix stays readable in grayscale and helps ordered classes the place development issues.

3. Mix a customized model ramp

# Mix two model colours right into a easy ramp
mix = sns.blend_palette(["#0F766E", "#60A5FA"], n_colors=7, as_cmap=False)

# Should you want a steady colormap as a substitute
blend_cmap = sns.blend_palette(["#0F766E", "#60A5FA"], as_cmap=True)

Mixing helps align visuals with a design system whereas preserving numerical gradients constant.

Set a palette globally if you decide to a scheme for an entire determine or report

sns.set_palette(cats)     # or dice, or mix

Preview a palette rapidly

sns.palplot(cats)
plt.present()

// Determine sizing and DPI for export

Management measurement and determination from the begin to keep away from fuzzy labels or cramped axes.
Set a smart default as soon as

# World defaults through Matplotlib rcParams
plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = (8, 5)    # width, top in inches
plt.rcParams["figure.dpi"] = 150           # on-screen readability with out enormous recordsdata

You may nonetheless measurement particular person figures explicitly when wanted:

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(8, 5))

Save high-quality outputs

# Raster export for net or slide decks
plt.savefig("determine.png", dpi=300, bbox_inches="tight")

# Vector export for print or journals
plt.savefig("determine.svg", bbox_inches="tight")
plt.savefig("determine.pdf", bbox_inches="tight")

• dpi=300 is an effective goal for crisp net pictures and displays
• bbox_inches="tight" trims empty margins, which retains multi-panel layouts compact
• Want SVG or PDF when editors will resize figures or if you want sharp textual content at any scale

# Plots That Matter for Actual Work

 
On this part, we are going to concentrate on plot varieties that reply evaluation questions rapidly. Every subsection explains when to make use of the plot, the important thing parameters that management that means, and a brief code pattern you possibly can adapt. The examples assume you already set the theme and baseline from the earlier part.

// Relational plots: scatterplot, relplot(sort="line")

Use relational plots to indicate relationships between numeric variables and to match teams with coloration, marker, and measurement encodings. Add readability by mapping a categorical variable to hue and model, and a numeric variable to measurement.

import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

penguins = sns.load_dataset("penguins").dropna(
    subset=["bill_length_mm", "bill_depth_mm", "body_mass_g", "species", "sex"]
)

# Scatter with a number of encodings
ax = sns.scatterplot(
    information=penguins,
    x="bill_length_mm",
    y="bill_depth_mm",
    hue="species",
    model="intercourse",
    measurement="body_mass_g",
    sizes=(30, 160),
    alpha=0.8,
    edgecolor="w",
    linewidth=0.5
)
ax.set_title("Invoice size vs depth with species, intercourse, and mass encodings")
ax.legend(title="Species")
plt.tight_layout()
plt.present()

For strains, choose the figure-level API if you want markers per group and straightforward faceting.

flights = sns.load_dataset("flights")  # 12 months, month, passengers

g = sns.relplot(
    information=flights,
    sort="line",
    x="12 months",
    y="passengers",
    hue="month",
    markers=True,      # marker on every level
    dashes=False,      # strong strains for all teams
    top=4, facet=1.6
)
g.set_axis_labels("Yr", "Passengers")
g.determine.suptitle("Month-to-month passenger development by 12 months", y=1.02)
plt.present()

Notes:

• Use model for a second categorical channel when hue will not be sufficient
• Preserve alpha barely under 1.0 on dense scatters to disclose overlap
• Use sizes=(min, max) to constrain level sizes so the legend stays readable

// Categorical plots: boxplot, violinplot, barplot

Categorical plots present distributions and group variations. Select field or violin if you care about unfold and outliers. Select bar if you need aggregated values with intervals.

import numpy as np
ideas = sns.load_dataset("ideas")

# Boxplot: sturdy abstract of unfold
ax = sns.boxplot(
    information=ideas,
    x="day",
    y="total_bill",
    hue="intercourse",
    order=["Thur", "Fri", "Sat", "Sun"],
    dodge=True,
    showfliers=False
)
ax.set_title("Complete invoice by day and intercourse (boxplot, fliers hidden)")
plt.tight_layout()
plt.present()

# Violin: form of the distribution with quartiles
ax = sns.violinplot(
    information=ideas,
    x="day",
    y="total_bill",
    hue="intercourse",
    order=["Thur", "Fri", "Sat", "Sun"],
    dodge=True,
    inside="quartile",
    lower=0,
    scale="width"
)
ax.set_title("Complete invoice by day and intercourse (violin with quartiles)")
plt.tight_layout()
plt.present()

# Bar: imply tip with percentile intervals
ax = sns.barplot(
    information=ideas,
    x="day",
    y="tip",
    hue="intercourse",
    order=["Thur", "Fri", "Sat", "Sun"],
    estimator=np.imply,
    errorbar=("pi", 95),   # percentile interval for skewed information
    dodge=True
)
ax.set_title("Imply tip by day and intercourse with 95% PI")
plt.tight_layout()
plt.present()

Notes:

• order fixes class sorting for constant comparisons
• For giant samples the place intervals add noise, set errorbar=None (or ci=None on older Seaborn)
• Disguise fliers on boxplots when excessive factors distract from the group comparability

// Distribution plots:histplot

Distribution plots reveal form, multimodality, and group variations. Use stacking if you need totals, and fill if you need composition.

# Single distribution with a easy density overlay
ax = sns.histplot(
    information=penguins,
    x="body_mass_g",
    bins=30,
    kde=True,
    ingredient="step"
)
ax.set_title("Physique mass distribution with KDE")
plt.tight_layout()
plt.present()

# Grouped comparability: composition throughout species
ax = sns.histplot(
    information=penguins,
    x="body_mass_g",
    hue="species",
    bins=25,
    a number of="fill",    # fraction per bin (composition)
    ingredient="step",
    stat="proportion",
    common_norm=False
)
ax.set_title("Physique mass composition by species")
plt.tight_layout()
plt.present()

# Grouped comparability: complete counts by stacking
ax = sns.histplot(
    information=penguins,
    x="body_mass_g",
    hue="species",
    bins=25,
    a number of="stack",
    ingredient="step",
    stat="rely"
)
ax.set_title("Physique mass counts by species (stacked)")
plt.tight_layout()
plt.present()

Notes:

• Use a number of="fill" to match relative composition throughout bins
• Use common_norm=False when teams differ in measurement and also you need within-group densities
• Select ingredient="step" for clear edges and straightforward overlaying

// Regression plots: regplot, lmplot

Regression plots add fitted relationships and intervals. Use regplot for a single axes. Use lmplot if you want hue, row, or col faceting with out guide grid work.

Let’s check out an lmplot. Simply make sure the dataset has no lacking values within the mapped columns.

penguins = sns.load_dataset("penguins").dropna(
    subset=["bill_length_mm", "bill_depth_mm", "species", "sex"]
)

g = sns.lmplot(
    information=penguins,
    x="bill_length_mm",
    y="bill_depth_mm",
    hue="species",
    col="intercourse",
    top=4,
    facet=1,
    scatter_kws=dict(s=25, alpha=0.7),
    line_kws=dict(linewidth=2)
)
g.set_titles(col_template="{col_name}")
g.determine.suptitle("Invoice dimensions by species and intercourse", y=1.02)
plt.present()

Notes:

• On newer Seaborn variations, choose errorbar=("ci", 95) on capabilities that assist it. If ci continues to be accepted in your model, you possibly can maintain utilizing it for now.
• Should you see related errors, examine for different unique pairs like lowess=True, logistic=True, or logx=True used collectively.

// Interval selections on massive information

On massive samples, interval bands can obscure the sign. Two choices enhance readability:

• Use percentile intervals for skewed distributions:

sns.barplot(information=ideas, x="day", y="tip", errorbar=("pi", 95))

 

• Take away intervals solely when variation is already apparent:

sns.lineplot(information=flights, x="12 months", y="passengers", errorbar=None)
# or on older variations:
sns.lineplot(information=flights, x="12 months", y="passengers", ci=None)

 

Guideline:

• Want errorbar=("pi", 95) for skewed or heavy-tailed information
• Want errorbar=None (or ci=None) when the viewers cares extra about development form than exact uncertainty on a really massive N

# Excessive-Dimensional Views with Grids

 
Grids enable you evaluate patterns throughout teams with out guide subplot juggling. You outline rows, columns, and coloration as soon as, then apply a plotting perform to every subset. This retains construction constant and makes variations apparent.

// FacetGrid and catplot/ relplot

Use a FacetGrid if you need full management over what will get mapped to every side. Use catplot and relplot if you need a fast, figure-level API that builds the grid for you. The core concept is identical: cut up information by row, col, and coloration with hue.
Earlier than the code: maintain side counts lifelike. 4 to 6 small multiples are straightforward to scan. Past that, wrap columns or filter classes. Management sharing with sharex and sharey so comparisons stay legitimate.

import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

ideas = sns.load_dataset("ideas").dropna()

# 1) Full management with FacetGrid + regplot
g = sns.FacetGrid(
    information=ideas,
    row="time",                # Lunch vs Dinner
    col="day",                 # Thur, Fri, Sat, Solar
    hue="intercourse",                 # Male vs Feminine
    margin_titles=True,
    sharex=True,
    sharey=True,
    top=3,
    facet=1
)
g.map_dataframe(
    sns.regplot,
    x="total_bill",
    y="tip",
    scatter_kws=dict(s=18, alpha=0.6),
    line_kws=dict(linewidth=2),
    ci=None
)
g.add_legend(title="Intercourse")
g.set_axis_labels("Complete invoice", "Tip")
g.fig.suptitle("Tipping patterns by day and time", y=1.02)
plt.present()

# 2) Fast grids with catplot (constructed on FacetGrid)
sns.catplot(
    information=ideas,
    sort="field",
    x="day", y="total_bill",
    row="time", hue="intercourse",
    order=["Thur", "Fri", "Sat", "Sun"],
    top=3, facet=1.1, dodge=True
).set_axis_labels("Day", "Complete invoice")
plt.present()

# 3) Fast relational grids with relplot
penguins = sns.load_dataset("penguins").dropna()
sns.relplot(
    information=penguins,
    sort="scatter",
    x="bill_length_mm", y="bill_depth_mm",
    row="intercourse", col="island", hue="species",
    top=3.2, facet=1
)
plt.present()

Key factors:

• Use order to repair class sorting
• Use col_wrap when you’ve gotten one side dimension with many ranges
• Add a suptitle to summarize the comparability; maintain axis labels constant throughout sides

// PairGrid and pairplot

Pairwise plots reveal relationships throughout many numeric variables. pairplot is the quick path. PairGrid provides you per-region management. For dense datasets, restrict variables and take into account nook=True to drop redundant higher panels.

Earlier than the code: select variables which are informative collectively. Combine scales solely when you’ve gotten a motive, then standardize or log-transform first.

# Fast pairwise view
num_cols = ["bill_length_mm", "bill_depth_mm", "flipper_length_mm", "body_mass_g"]
sns.pairplot(
    information=penguins[num_cols + ["species"]].dropna(),
    vars=num_cols,
    hue="species",
    nook=True,           # solely decrease triangle + diagonal
    diag_kind="hist",      # or "kde"
    plot_kws=dict(s=18, alpha=0.6),
    diag_kws=dict(bins=20, ingredient="step")
)
plt.present()

Suggestions:

• nook=True reduces litter and hurries up rendering
• Preserve marker measurement modest so overlaps stay readable
• For very totally different scales, apply np.log10 to skewed measures earlier than plotting

// Combined layers on a PairGrid

A combined mapping helps you evaluate scatter patterns and density construction in a single view. Use scatter on the higher triangle, bivariate KDE on the decrease triangle, and histograms on the diagonal. This mix is compact and informative.
Earlier than the code: density layers can get heavy. Scale back ranges and keep away from too many bins. Add a legend as soon as and maintain it exterior the grid if house is tight.

from seaborn import PairGrid

g = PairGrid(
    information=penguins[num_cols + ["species"]].dropna(),
    vars=num_cols,
    hue="species",
    top=2.6, facet=1
)

# Higher triangle: scatter
g.map_upper(
    sns.scatterplot,
    s=16, alpha=0.65, linewidth=0.3, edgecolor="w"
)

# Decrease triangle: bivariate KDE
g.map_lower(
    sns.kdeplot,
    fill=True, thresh=0.05, ranges=5
)

# Diagonal: histograms
g.map_diag(
    sns.histplot,
    bins=18, ingredient="step"
)

g.add_legend(title="Species")
for ax in g.axes.flat:
    if ax will not be None:
        ax.tick_params(axis="x", labelrotation=30)

g.fig.suptitle("Pairwise construction of penguin measurements", y=1.02)
plt.present()

Tips:

• Begin with 4 numeric variables. Add extra provided that every provides a definite sign
• For uneven group sizes, concentrate on proportions fairly than uncooked counts if you evaluate distributions
• If rendering slows down, pattern rows earlier than plotting or drop fill from the KDE layer

# Correlation, Heatmaps, and Matrices

 
Correlation heatmaps are a compact solution to scan relationships throughout many numeric variables. The objective is a readable matrix that highlights actual sign, retains noise out of the best way, and exports cleanly.

// Construct a correlation matrix and masks redundant cells

Begin by deciding on numeric columns and selecting a correlation methodology. Pearson is commonplace for linear relationships. Spearman is best for ranked or monotonic patterns. A triangular masks removes duplication so the attention focuses on distinctive pairs.

import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

# Information
penguins = sns.load_dataset("penguins").dropna()

# Select numeric columns and compute correlation
num_cols = penguins.select_dtypes(embody="quantity").columns
corr = penguins[num_cols].corr(methodology="pearson")

# Masks the higher triangle (maintain decrease + diagonal)
masks = np.triu(np.ones_like(corr, dtype=bool))

# Heatmap with diverging palette centered at zero
ax = sns.heatmap(
    corr,
    masks=masks,
    annot=True,
    fmt=".2f",
    cmap="vlag",
    heart=0,
    vmin=-1, vmax=1,
    sq.=True,
    cbar_kws={"shrink": 0.8, "label": "Pearson r"},
    linewidths=0.5, linecolor="white"
)

ax.set_title("Correlation matrix of penguin measurements")
plt.tight_layout()
plt.present()

Notes:

• Use methodology="spearman" when variables aren’t on comparable scales or comprise outliers that have an effect on Pearson
• Preserve vmin and vmax symmetric so the colour scale treats unfavorable and optimistic values equally

// Management visibility with scale and colorbar choices

As soon as the matrix is in place, tune what the reader sees. Symmetric limits, a centered palette, and a labeled colorbar stop misreads. You may also conceal weak correlations or the diagonal to scale back litter.

# Non-compulsory: conceal weak correlations under a threshold
threshold = 0.2
weak = corr.abs() < threshold
mask2 = np.triu(np.ones_like(corr, dtype=bool)) | weak  # mix masks

ax = sns.heatmap(
    corr,
    masks=mask2,
    annot=False,                 # let sturdy colours carry the message
    cmap="vlag",
    heart=0,
    vmin=-1, vmax=1,
    sq.=True,
    cbar_kws={"shrink": 0.8, "ticks": [-1, -0.5, 0, 0.5, 1], "label": "Correlation"},
    linewidths=0.4, linecolor="#F5F5F5"
)

ax.set_title("Sturdy correlations solely (|r| ≥ 0.20)")
plt.tight_layout()
plt.present()

Suggestions:

• cbar_kws controls readability of the legend. Set ticks that match your viewers
• Flip annot=True again on if you want precise values for a report. Preserve it off for dashboards the place form and coloration are sufficient

// Giant matrices: maintain labels and edges readable

Massive matrices want self-discipline. Skinny or rotate tick labels, add grid strains between cells, and take into account reordering variables to group associated blocks. If the matrix may be very huge, present each nth tick to keep away from label collisions.

# Artificial huge instance: 20 numeric columns
rng = np.random.default_rng(0)
huge = pd.DataFrame(rng.regular(measurement=(600, 20)),
                    columns=[f"f{i:02d}" for i in range(1, 21)])

corr_wide = huge.corr()

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 8), dpi=150)

hm = sns.heatmap(
    corr_wide,
    cmap="vlag",
    heart=0,
    vmin=-1, vmax=1,
    sq.=True,
    cbar_kws={"shrink": 0.7, "label": "Correlation"},
    linewidths=0.3, linecolor="white"
)

# Rotate x labels and skinny ticks
ax.set_xticklabels(ax.get_xticklabels(), rotation=40, ha="proper")
ax.set_yticklabels(ax.get_yticklabels(), rotation=0)
ax.tick_params(axis="each", labelsize=8)

# Present each 2nd tick on each axes
xt = ax.get_xticks()
yt = ax.get_yticks()
ax.set_xticks(xt[::2])
ax.set_yticks(yt[::2])

ax.set_title("Correlation matrix with tick thinning and grid strains")
plt.tight_layout()
plt.present()

When construction issues greater than precise order, strive a clustered view that teams related variables:

# Clustered matrix for sample discovery
g = sns.clustermap(
    corr_wide,
    cmap="vlag",
    heart=0,
    vmin=-1, vmax=1,
    linewidths=0.2, linecolor="white",
    figsize=(10, 10),
    cbar_kws={"shrink": 0.6, "label": "Correlation"},
    methodology="common",  # linkage
    metric="euclidean" # distance on correlations
)
g.fig.suptitle("Clustered correlation matrix", y=1.02)
plt.present()

Tips:

• Enhance determine measurement fairly than shrinking font till it turns into unreadable
• Add linewidths and linecolor to outline cell boundaries on dense matrices
• Use clustering if you wish to floor block construction. Preserve a plain ordered matrix if you want steady positions throughout reviews

# Precision Management with Matplotlib Hooks

 
Seaborn handles the heavy lifting, however ultimate polish comes from Matplotlib. These hooks allow you to set clear titles, management axes exactly, handle legends in tight areas, and annotate essential factors with out litter.

// Titles, labels, legends

Good plots learn themselves. Set titles that state the query, label axes with models, and maintain the legend compact and informative. Place the legend the place it helps the attention, not the place it hides information.

Earlier than the code: choose axis-level strategies over plt.* so settings keep connected to the appropriate subplot. Use a legend title and take into account shifting the legend exterior the axes when you’ve gotten many teams.

import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

penguins = sns.load_dataset("penguins").dropna()

ax = sns.scatterplot(
    information=penguins,
    x="bill_length_mm",
    y="bill_depth_mm",
    hue="species",
    model="intercourse",
    s=60,
    alpha=0.8,
    edgecolor="w",
    linewidth=0.5
)

# Titles and labels
ax.set_title("Invoice size vs depth by species")
ax.set_xlabel("Invoice size (mm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Invoice depth (mm)")

# Legend with title, positioned exterior to the appropriate
leg = ax.legend(
    title="Species",
    loc="heart left",
    bbox_to_anchor=(1.02, 0.5),   # exterior the axes
    frameon=True,
    borderaxespad=0.5
)

# Non-compulsory legend styling
for textual content in leg.get_texts():
    textual content.set_fontsize(9)
leg.get_title().set_fontsize(10)

plt.tight_layout()
plt.present()

Notes

• bbox_to_anchor provides you superb management over legend placement exterior the axes
• Preserve legend fonts barely smaller than axis tick labels to scale back visible weight
• Should you want a customized legend order, cross hue_order= within the plotting name

// Axis management

Axis limits, ticks, and rotation enhance readability greater than any coloration selection. Set solely the ticks your viewers wants. Use rotation when labels collide. Add small margins to cease markers from touching the body.

Earlier than the code: resolve which ticks matter. For time or evenly spaced integers, present fewer ticks. For skewed information, take into account log scales and customized formatters.

import numpy as np
flights = sns.load_dataset("flights")  # columns: 12 months, month, passengers

ax = sns.lineplot(
    information=flights,
    x="12 months",
    y="passengers",
    estimator=None,
    errorbar=None,
    marker="o",
    dashes=False
)

ax.set_title("Airline passengers by 12 months")
ax.set_xlabel("Yr")
ax.set_ylabel("Passengers")

# Present a tick each 5 years
years = np.type(flights["year"].distinctive())
ax.set_xticks(years[::5])

# Tidy the view
ax.margins(x=0.02, y=0.05)   # small padding inside axes
ax.set_ylim(0, None)         # begin at zero for clearer development

# Rotate if wanted
plt.xticks(rotation=0)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.present()

Extras you possibly can add when required

• Symmetric limits: ax.set_xlim(left, proper) and ax.set_ylim(backside, high) for honest comparisons
• Log scaling: ax.set_xscale("log") or ax.set_yscale("log") for lengthy tails
• Fewer ticks: ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(matplotlib.ticker.MaxNLocator(nbins=6))

// Annotations, strains, and spans

Annotations name out the rationale the plot exists. Use a brief label, a transparent arrow, and constant styling. Traces and spans mark thresholds or durations that matter.

Earlier than the code: place annotations close to the info they consult with, however keep away from masking factors. Think about using a semi-transparent span for ranges.

import matplotlib as mpl
ideas = sns.load_dataset("ideas")

ax = sns.regplot(
    information=ideas,
    x="total_bill",
    y="tip",
    ci=None,
    scatter_kws=dict(s=28, alpha=0.6),
    line_kws=dict(linewidth=2)
)

ax.set_title("Tip vs complete invoice with callouts")
ax.set_xlabel("Complete invoice ($)")
ax.set_ylabel("Tip ($)")

# Threshold line for a tipping rule of thumb
ax.axhline(3, coloration="#444", linewidth=1, linestyle="--")
ax.textual content(ax.get_xlim()[0], 3.1, "Reference: $3 tip", fontsize=9, coloration="#444")

# Spotlight a invoice vary with a span
ax.axvspan(20, 40, coloration="#fde68a", alpha=0.25, linewidth=0)  # smooth spotlight

# Annotate a consultant level
pt = ideas.loc[tips["total_bill"].between(20, 40)].iloc[0]
ax.annotate(
    "Instance examine",
    xy=(pt["total_bill"], pt["tip"]),
    xytext=(pt["total_bill"] + 10, pt["tip"] + 2),
    arrowprops=dict(
        arrowstyle="->",
        coloration="#111",
        shrinkA=0,
        shrinkB=0,
        linewidth=1.2
    ),
    fontsize=9,
    bbox=dict(boxstyle="spherical,pad=0.2", fc="white", ec="#ddd", alpha=0.9)
)

plt.tight_layout()
plt.present()

Tips:

• Preserve annotations brief. The plot ought to nonetheless learn with out them
• Use axvline, axhline, axvspan, and axhspan for thresholds and ranges
• If labels overlap, regulate with small offsets or cut back font measurement, not by eradicating the annotation that carries that means

# Wrapping Up

 
You now have an entire baseline for quick, constant Seaborn work: pattern or combination when scale calls for it, management legends and axes with Matplotlib hooks, maintain colours steady throughout figures, and repair labels earlier than export. Mix these with the grid patterns and statistical plots from earlier sections and you may cowl most evaluation wants with out customized subplot code.

The place to study extra:

Shittu Olumide is a software program engineer and technical author enthusiastic about leveraging cutting-edge applied sciences to craft compelling narratives, with a eager eye for element and a knack for simplifying complicated ideas. You may also discover Shittu on Twitter.